This systematic review investigates the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) literacy of young people aged 16–24 from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds living in Australia. The authors highlight that these young individuals face significant barriers in accessing SRH information and services, often due to cultural taboos, limited communication within families, and structural challenges. The review follows PRISMA guidelines and includes 13 articles from eight studies published between 2009 and 2018.
Three key themes emerged from the analysis. Firstly, SRH knowledge among CALD youth was generally low, particularly regarding contraception and sexually transmissible infections (STIs). Although knowledge tended to improve with time spent in Australia, many young people still lacked essential information due to disrupted education and limited access to healthcare prior to migration.
Secondly, attitudes and beliefs about SRH were heavily influenced by family and cultural norms. A pervasive ‘silence’ around sexual health topics within families and communities was identified as a major barrier to developing sexual health literacy. This silence often stemmed from traditional values aiming to preserve family honour and discourage open discussions about sexuality, especially among young women.
Thirdly, access to SRH information was constrained by social and cultural factors. While healthcare professionals were generally trusted, many young people avoided seeking help due to fears of stigma, confidentiality breaches, and language barriers. Schools were recognised as potential sources of SRH education, but cultural resistance sometimes led to exclusion from these programmes. Moreover, existing educational content was often criticised for lacking cultural relevance.
The review concludes that despite Australia’s multicultural context, SRH literacy among CALD youth remains insufficient. It calls for culturally congruent and responsive strategies, informed by theory and co-designed with communities, to improve access to SRH information and services. Addressing intergenerational communication barriers and tailoring interventions to diverse cultural needs are essential steps towards achieving equitable SRH outcomes.
